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Conducting and Related Subjects

Outline of Major Divisions in Music History

Antiquity (prehistoric times to about A.D. 200)
Greek theories Apollo-clarity, form, objectivity; Dionysus-emotional, subjective

Plainsong (200-800) - Plainsong to Renaissance is a movement to polyphony
monophonic, modal, a cappella, non metric, free and flexible rhythms, sung in Latin, Pope Gregory (590-604)

Middle Ages (800-1400)
800-1150 Early Middle Ages Early polyphony, Secular Song
1150-1300 Ars Antiqua, Perotin(c.1170-c.1236)
1300-1400 Ars Nova, Francesco Landini(c.1325-1397)Guillame de Machuat(1300-1377)

Renaissance (1400-1600) - Renaissance to Classical is a movement from polyphony to homophony
1400's Leonardo(1425-1519), Botticelli, Raphael-Columbus(1492) Josquin des Prez (c.1450-1521), 1454 moveable type
1500's Michelangelo(1475-1564), Copernicus, Shakespeare, Giovanni Gabrieli (1557-1612), Palestrina(1525-1594), Protestant Reformation 1517(Martin Luther), M. Praetorius(1571-1621), 1550's Violin Family begins

Baroque (1600-1750) -Old Style(contrapuntal), New Style(homophony)
1597 First Opera Jacapo Peri (1561-1633)-they become public in 1643, Monteverdi(1567-1643)1600's Notation, Galileo, Newton, El Greco Schutz, Buxtehude(1637-1707), Pachelbel(1653-1706), D. Scarlatti(1685-1757), Vivaldi(1678-1741), 1700-50 Bach(1685-1750), Handel(1685-1759), Telemann(1681-1767), piano (invented by Bartolommeo Cristofori (1655-1731) around 1709 in Florence

Classical (1750-1820)
1776 Declaration of Independence, Cornwallis defeat 1781
1750+ Haydn(1732-1809), Mozart(1756-1791), Gluck(1714-87), Beethoven(1770-1827), Opera, Chamber music
Rossini (1792-1868) Italian Lady in Algiers 1813

Romantic (1820-1900)
Capitalism, industrial revolution, Civil War(1861-65), Manet, Dega, Rodin,
Goethe, Twain, Beethoven, Schubert(1797-1828), Schumann, Liszt, Berlioz(1803-69), Brahms, Bruckner, Verdi, Opera Tchaikovsy(1840-1893) Symphony No.5 1888

20th Century (1900-1999)
WWI(1914-18),WWII(1939-45), technological developments, rapidity of change, diversity of styles, jazz, rock, country, gospel, contemporary, etc...Schoenberg, Bartok, Copland, Armstrong, Ellington, Stravinsky, Elvis, The Beatles,...... Castelnuovo-Tedesco(1895-1968) Concerto in D for Guitar 1939

21st Century(present)

Conducting and Related Subjects